Back in the summer I met up with Dhammavijaya, an old friend from my school days. We had kept in touch sporadically throughout the years, but it had been many years since we had caught up properly face to face. As we talked over coffee, then strolled around St James’s Park, I reminisced over my own ‘Buddhist days’ (as I think of them) in my idealistic youth. Times were undoubtedly simpler then – before parenthood – and while others were out drinking and clubbing, I was meditating, developing friendships and connections within the Friends of the Western Buddhist Order (FWBO, as it was then), living in Buddhist communities, being vegetarian, watching very little television, studying Buddhist texts and drinking virtually no alcohol. How times change! - as the certainties of youth gave way to (in my case) responsibilities, compromises and grey complexities of middle age. Maybe somewhere buried is still a radical being waiting to emerge once again in its own time.
[caption id="attachment_901" align="alignleft" width="620"]

Sangha at the Croydon Buddhist Centre. Dhammavijaya middle of back row, with a white Order kesa around his neck[/caption]
Dhammavijaya (a Buddhist name, given on ordination) is a member of the Triratna Buddhist Order (as the FWBO subsequently renamed itself) and currently Chairman of the Croydon Buddhist Centre. The FWBO / Triratna was started in the UK in 1967 by Sangharakshita – an English born Buddhist monk who had spent the previous 20 years or so in India, practising and teaching Buddhism. The movement has since grown into an international Order, with centres across Europe, North America, Australia and New Zealand. The largest number of followers, however, are in India where it is known as the Triratna Bauddha Mahāsangha (TBM) (formerly the Trailokya Bauddha Mahasangha Sahayaka Gana (TBMSG)). Many of these Indian followers and Order members come from the Ambedkarite Dalit community who were among the many thousands who converted to Buddhism following Dr Ambedkar to escape the stigma and discrimination of caste in Hinduism.
Back in February / March of this year, the annual Triratna Order Convention was held at Bodh Gaya in India and I knew that Dhammavijaya had gone out to attend. I have always been interested in the Triratna movement in India, and the work being done out there by Order members both from the West and India in the Buddhist revival. I wanted to hear more from Dhammavijaya about his experiences in India earlier this year and he kindly agreed to be interviewed about his visit.
Can you say something about your background and current role at the Croydon Buddhist Centre?I lived in Croydon from the age of 10, where I went to a school specialising in success at university entrance. Once my university days were over, however, I faced the question of the direction the rest of my life was to take. I sensed that meditation would help me in finding that direction, though wasn't expecting the impact that the Buddha's teaching would have on me when I encountered it at the Croydon Buddhist Centre. I was soon living in a residential spiritual community and working with other Buddhists in a 'right livelihood' vegetarian restaurant. Before long I had committed myself to the Buddhist path as a member of the Triratna Buddhist Order, and have been engaged with its work since then. I am currently Chairman of the Croydon Buddhist Centre and have a key role in determining the vision and activities of the centre and community of Buddhists associated with it.
[caption id="attachment_907" align="alignleft" width="960"]

Members of the Order at Bodh Gaya[/caption]
Why did you go out to India earlier on this year?In February/March this year I went to India to participate in the International Convention of the Triratna Buddhist Order, which was held on land the Order owns at Bodh Gaya. There were around 700 Order Members attending, from all around the world, although the majority were Indian.
I think it was your first time in India - what were your impressions?It was my first time in India. It is hard to sum up my impressions, since there were so many of them, coming so thick and so fast. Arriving in Kolkata at 4.00 am is etched in my memory, not least for the taxi driver on the way to Sudder Street handing me a mobile phone on which I heard the voice of Manidhamma, a brother in the Triratna Order welcoming me to India. I was so touched that he would take the time to do this at that hour, as travelling through the dust and roadside bonfires of Kolkata at dawn felt like being on another planet. I later calculated that every minute on the streets in India something would appear that was remarkable in some way or other, whether it was a horse and rider galloping between shops, a funeral procession jogging as they carried the bier to the cremation ground, or a hand-operated miniature ferris wheel to entertain the children.
[caption id="attachment_904" align="alignleft" width="300"]

Dhammavijaya (2nd from right) with Order members, Bodh Gaya (Mahabodhi temple in the background)[/caption]
Can you say what the structure was when you were there and where you stayed or visited?My visit had two main phases, and a third, which arose spontaneously and turned out to be the highlight. The first phase was at Gaya, taking part in the Order Convention. I had a room in a hotel not far from the Convention land. Each morning would begin with a procession of Triratna Order members dressed in their distinctive blue shirts and saris making their way in silence to the Mahabodhi Temple, where, in time allotted to us beneath the Bodhi Tree we would meditate, in particular doing the 'going for refuge and prostration practice' with its recitation of verses of commitment accompanied by full-length prostrations.
Much of the rest of each day would take place in marquees on our own land, where we would meditate, listen to talks, and have 'getting to know you' sessions, in which members of the Order from diverse cultures and backgrounds would discover the common commitment they shared to the Three Jewels, Buddhism's highest values. There would be further visits to the Maha Bodhi throughout the day, sometimes dwelling on the significance of the seven places at which the Buddha spent a week in the period surrounding his Enlightenment, and concluding with further meditation late at night. Food was provided by wedding caterers within the Triratna movement, who do such work as a right-livelihood business. The food was of a very high standard.
From Gaya I travelled by car to Patna, and then over two nights by train to Pune, then train and auto-rickshaw to the Saddham Pradeep retreat centre near the village of Bhaja with its ancient Buddhist caves hewn into the rocky hillside. Here I took part in a retreat led by Subhuti, a senior member of the Triratna Order, in which we progressed through the sequence of meditations favoured in the Triratna Order and heard Subhuti's expositions of the Sutta Nipata, teaching from the earliest stratum of Buddhist texts,
[caption id="attachment_902" align="alignleft" width="225"]

Boy's hostel, Ulhasnagar[/caption]
My spontaneous couple of days at the end of my visit were hatched on the retreat at Bhaja. Here I was invited to stay as a guest at a boy’s hostel in Ulhasnagar, a suburb of Mumbai. There I was to give inspirational talks to the hostel's young residents and to give a talk at a programme run by Buddhist community in Ulhasnagar. Here I spoke on comparisons and contrasts between the British class and Indian caste system. Of my time in India, this felt the most rewarding, since I felt that what I was doing was useful to a local community. I also felt as though I was living closer to how life is actually lived in our communities in India, especially as in Ulhasnagar I was the only Westerner visiting. I could also experience first hand the devotion felt by elderly Indian Order members for our movement's founder, Sangharakshita, who is so loved in India for his part in the mass conversions of Dalits in the 1950s, and especially for the guidance he gave to the new Buddhists after the death of their leader, Dr.Ambedkar.
How did you find the Order Members and movement there, compared to how it is here and in the West?The main contrast between Indian and Western members of the Triratna Order is that the Indian members seem to experience life predominantly via their
[caption id="attachment_903" align="alignleft" width="300"]

Some of the residents in the hostel, Ulhasnagar[/caption]
collective and social situations, whereas Westerners seem to experience life more in terms of their own individual experience. The extremities of these poles are that Indians can find it hard to conceive of their identity as apart from their social group, while the Westerners err to the extreme of individualism and social disconnectedness. Related to this, it is very unusual to find Indian Order members who are not married with children while many Western members are single.
How big is Triratna out there? Are there other Buddhist groups working alongside or in conjunction?By Indian standards, Triratna is a small movement in India. There are perhaps 1000 Order members, although tens, even hundreds of thousands more ‘dhamma mitras’(friends) and others who have benefitted from Triratna programmes, teachings and retreats. I understand that the largest other group to be working among the new Buddhists is the Vipassana movement founded by Goenka. Triratna doesn't work directly with Vipassana, which seems to offer just retreats with the teaching of the Vipassana technique, rather than a range of teachings, ideas, and institutions that the whole of life can be integrated into, such as Triratna offers. I understand that many Ambedkarite Buddhists outside of Triratna are prone to see their Buddhism in purely politicised terms, not appreciating how deeply Ambedkar had in fact reflected on Buddhism itself.
What are the social conditions like?I don't have enough experience based on my visit, to say too much about this. I understand that many of the new Buddhists are very poor, and that there is a problem of alcoholism. Living within traditional families makes things like going on retreat more difficult to arrange, but the Triratna movement in India is characterised by tremendous faith and it is quite usual for Order members in India to work much more strenuously for the Dhamma than do their Western counterparts, in spite of the greater leisure and opportunity that Westerners have.
You mentioned that a highlight was staying at the boy's hostel at the end of your trip - can you say a bit more about that?It was great to see the happy atmosphere in the social project of a boy’s educational hostel that I stayed in. The boys are very poor and many are orphans, yet there they had the opportunity to live in a friendly and educational environment with others and to have a chance to make something of life.
What is the main need for the new Buddhists there? Spiritual or material?I would say that the main need for the new Buddhist was spiritual, in the sense that it is breaking free from the mind-forged manacles of caste that is the key to their growth, even materially. Of the many thousands who converted to Buddhism, those who have a practical grasp of what their new faith entails remain relatively few.
Can you share 3 memories of your time there you have brought back here with you?1. Meditating at night in the Bhaja Buddhist caves by candlelight, and entering a 'time warp' in which the distance between our Order and the caves' original monastic residents appeared very short.
2. The hostel boys taking turns to practise their English with explanations of what their fathers did for a living, culminating in one explaining the tragic circumstances in which his mother had died, and that his father was in prison in Mumbai.
3. An elderly Order member in Ulhasnagar shedding tears of happiness on meeting me, simply because the meeting evoked a connection for him with Sangharakshita, who had brought such happiness and meaning to him and his people.
Are there ways in which we can help or contribute here?Contributions to help with social projects among Dalits can be made via the Karuna Trust and for direct Buddhist work via the India Dhamma Trust.
Any plans to return in the future?I would like to return, possibly on an annual basis. I would like to build on my connections in Ulhasnagar, possibly offering English lessons to the hostel boys. In addition, I have been put in touch with organisers of a project called the National Network of Buddhist Youth, based in Nagpur, and with a project, based in Ulhasnagar, that offers training in Buddhism to doctors and health workers. I am pursuing these connections for a follow-up visit next Spring.
Links
The Karuna Trust -
http://www.karuna.org/India Dhamma Trust -
http://indiadhammatrust.org/Triratna -
http://thebuddhistcentre.com/Croydon Buddhist Centre -
http://www.buddhistcentrecroydon.org/